Biofilm formation by bacteria isolated from intensive care units of a tertiary care hospital, with special relevance to its risk factors

Authors

  • Mayuri Gogoi Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
  • Ajanta Sharma Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20213915

Keywords:

Antibiotic susceptibility pattern, Biofilms, Congo red agar method, Intensive care units, Tissue culture plate method, Tube method

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study was to detect biofilm formation by bacterial isolates from patients with device associated infection admitted in intensive care units (ICUs), to compare the three methods used for detection of bioiflm, to compare the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the biofilm producers with the non-producers and to study the risk factors associated with biofilm formation.

Methods: A total of 115 bacterial isolates from patients with device associated infection admitted in different ICU for a period of one year was included in the study. These clinical isolates were detected for biofilm formation by tissue culture plate method, tube method and Congo red agar method. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method of antibiotic susceptibility was performed on all isolates.

Results: Out of the 115 bacterial isolates, 71 were biofilm producers. Tissue culture plate method detected the maximum number of biofilm producers (61.7%). The maximum number of biofilm producers were isolated from tracheal aspirate and endotracheal tubes (52.1%) followed by blood (17%) and urine (12.6%) respectively. The predominant biofilm producing isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae (39.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (19.7%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.9%). Multi drug resistance among the biofilm producers was significantly higher than the non-biofilm producers (p value=0.0125). The risk of biofilm formation was seen to increase with the increase in duration of hospital stay (p value=0.0092, statistically very significant).

Conclusions: From this study it was found that a high degree of biofilm producers were isolated from patients on indwelling devices. Tissue culture plate was found to be the most accurate method. The degree of multidrug resistance among the bioiflm producers was significantly higher than the non-producers.

References

The direct medical costs of healthcare-associated infections in U.S. hospitals and the benefits of Prevention. CDC, March 2009. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hai/pdfs/hai/scott_costpaper.pdf. Accessed on 12 July 2011.

Hardie KR, Baldwin T, William P. Molecular basis of bacterial adaptation to a pathogenic lifestyle. In: Borriello SP, Murray PR, Funke G, eds. Topley and Wilson’s Microbiology and Microbial infections.10 edition. Hodder Arnold, ASM Press; 2005:147-182.

Donlan RM. Biofilms and device associated infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:277-81.

Reid G. Biofilms in infectious disease and on medical devices. Int J Antimic Ag. 1999;11:223-6.

Prasanna SS, Doble M. Medical biofilms- its formation and prevention using organic molecules. J Indian Inst Sci. 2008;88:27-35.

Maki DG, Weise CE, Sarafin HW. Semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous- catheter related infection. N Eng J Med. 1977;296:1305-9.

Stamm WE. Nosocomial urinary tract infections. In: Bennett JV, Brachman PS, eds. Hospital Infections. 2nd edn. Boston: Little, Brown and Co; 1986:375‐384.

Rao RS, Karthika RU, Singh SP, Shashikala P, Kanungo R, Jayachandran S et al. Correlation between biofilm production and multiple drug resistance in imipenem resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2008;26:333-7.

Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Younger JJ, Baddour LM, Barrett FF, Melton DM, et al. Adherence of coagulase-negative staphylococci to plastic tissue culture plates: a quantitative model for the adherence of staphylococci to medical devices. J Clin Microbiol. 1985;22(6):996-1006.

Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Bisno AL, Beachey EH. Adherence of slime-producing strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis to smooth surfaces. Infect Immun. 1982;37:318-26.

Freeman DJ, Falkiner FR, Keane CT. New method for detecting slime production by coagulase negative staphylococci. J Clin Pathol. 1989;42:872.

Lynch AS, Robertson GT. Bacterial and fungal biofilm infections. Annu Rev Med. 2008;59:415-28.

Donlan RM. Biofilm formation: a clinically relevant microbiological process. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:1387-92.

Hassan A, Usman J, Kaleem F, Omair M, Khalid A, Iqbal M. Evaluation of different detection methods of biofilm formation in clinical isolates. Braz J Infect Dis. 2011;15(4):305-11.

Bose S, Khodke M, Basak S, Mallick SK. Detection of biofilm producing Staphylococci: need of the hour. J Clin Diagn Res. 2009;3:1915-20.

Eftekhar F, Mirmohamadi Z. Evaluation of biofilm production by Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from nosocomial infections and skin of healthy volunteers. Int J Med Med Sci. 2009;1(10):438-41.

Kalaivani R, Nair S, Prasanth K, Saranathan R, Devi SC. Resistance mechanisms of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a tertiary care hospital. J Lab Phys. 2010;2(02):078-81.

Dheepa M, Vinitha L Rashme, Appalaraju B. Comparison of biofilm production and multiple drug resistance in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumanii from a tertiary care hospital in South India. Int J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2011;2(4):103-7.

Agarwal A, Jain A. Association between drug resistance and production of biofilm in Staphylococci. Indian J Med Res. 2012;135(4):562-4.

Downloads

Published

2021-09-28

How to Cite

Gogoi, M., & Sharma, A. (2021). Biofilm formation by bacteria isolated from intensive care units of a tertiary care hospital, with special relevance to its risk factors. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 9(10), 2959–2965. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20213915

Issue

Section

Original Research Articles