Micronutrient deficiency in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus: diagnosis and therapy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20220997Keywords:
Micronutrient, Diabetes, DiagnosisAbstract
Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by increased blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) due to decreased insulin secretion and/or activity. Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetics is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction and failure of multiple organs such as the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. Micronutrients consist of vitamins and minerals that the body needs in small amounts for cellular metabolism. Micronutrients function as cofactors in enzyme-catalyzed reactions and if they are deficient, they can result in impaired metabolic function that can lead to more serious disease conditions. Micronutrients are beneficial for metabolism, gene expression and influence the development or progression of a chronic disease, including diabetes. Metabolic changes in diabetes are very complex, if not controlled properly can develop into complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiopathy, dyslipidemia and retinopathy. The micronutrients needed by DM patients are vitamin B complex consisting of B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin, B6 (pyridoxine), B12, niacin, biotin, pentothenic acid, as well as folic acid and vitamin C. Minerals that need to be given as therapy in DM patients namely chromium, magnesium, manganese, selenium, vanadium and zinc.
References
Welch RM, Graham RD. Agriculture: The real nexus for enhancing bioavailable micronutrients in food crops. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2005;18(4):299-307.
Hyppönen E. Micronutrients and the risk of type 1 diabetes: Vitamin D, vitamin E, and nicotinamide. Nutr Rev. 2004;62(9):340-7.
Sharma R. Nutraceuticals and Nutraceutical Supplementation Criteria in Cancer: A Literature Survey. Open Nutraceuticals J. 2009;2(1):92-106.
Waterston T. Child Health and the Arab Spring. 2011;57.
Mooradian A, Morley J. Micronutrient in diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987;54(2):877-95.
Chehade JM, Sheikh-Ali M, Mooradian AD. The role of micronutrients in managing diabetes. Diabetes Spectr. 2009;22(4):214-8.
Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M. Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(11):3821-42.
Wijesekara N, Chimienti F, Wheeler MB. Zinc, a regulator of islet function and glucose homeostasis. Diabetes, Obes Metab. 2009;11(4):202-14.
O’Connell BS. Select Vitamins and Minerals in the Management of Diabetes. Diabetes Spectr. 2001;14(3):133-48.
Tapiero H, Townsend DM, Tew KD. The antioxidant role of selenium and seleno-compounds. Biomed Pharmacother. 2003;57(3):134-44.
Sales CH, Pedrosa L de FC. Magnesium and diabetes mellitus: Their relation. Clin Nutr. 2006;25(4):554-562. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2006.03.003
Navarro-Alarcon M, Cabrera-Vique C. Selenium in food and the human body: A review. Sci Total Environ. 2008;400(1-3):115-41.
Mueller AS, Pallauf J. Compendium of the antidiabetic effects of supranutritional selenate doses. In vivo and in vitro investigations with type II diabetic db/db mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2006;17(8):548-60.
Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Kazi N. Copper, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, and zinc levels in biological samples of diabetes mellitus patients. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008;122(1):1-18.
Cefalu WT, Hu FB. Role of chromium in human health and in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(11):2741-51.
Can B, Ulusu NN, Kilinç K, Acan NL, Saran Y, Turan B. Selenium treatment protects diabetes-induced biochemical and ultrastructural alterations in liver tissue. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2005;105(1-3):135-50.
Rashidi H, Ghaderian SB, Shirinpour Z. The effect of vitamin d supplementation on insulin resistance and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Int J Pharm Technol. 2016;8(2):11634-42.
Pearce SHS, Cheetham TD. Diagnosis and management of vitamin D deficiency. BMJ. 2010;340(7738):142-7.
Song Y, Wang L, Pittas AG. Blood 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and incident type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(5):1422-8.
Matough FA, Budin SB, Hamid ZA, Alwahaibi N, Mohamed J. The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in diabetic complications. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2012;12(1):556-69.
Schrauzer GN. Nutritional Selenium Supplements: Product Types, Quality, and Safety. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001;20(1):1-4.
Kaneto H, Katakami N, Matsuhisa M, Matsuoka TA. Role of reactive oxygen species in the progression of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Mediators Inflamm. 2010;2010.
Nie M, Bal MS, Liu J. Uromodulin regulates renal magnesium homeostasis through the ion channel transient receptor potential melastatin 6 (TRPM6). J Biol Chem. 2018;293(42):16488-502.
Eva H, Akhter QS, Alam MK. Serum zinc and manganese levels in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2016;11(2):50-3.
Haase H, Overbeck S, Rink L. Zinc supplementation for the treatment or prevention of disease: Current status and future perspectives. Exp Gerontol. 2008;43(5):394-408.
Ashor AW, Werner AD, Lara J, Willis ND, Mathers JC, Siervo M. Effects of Vitamin C supplementation on glycaemic control: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017;71(12):1371-80.
Senarath U, Katulanda P, Fernando DN. mHealth nutrition and lifestyle intervention (mHENAL) to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in a middle-aged, overweight and obese population in Sri Lanka: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2019;16:100453.
Anderson RA. Chromium, Glucose Intolerance and Diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998;17(6):548-55.
Battin EE, Brumaghim JL. Antioxidant activity of sulfur and selenium: A review of reactive oxygen species scavenging, glutathione peroxidase, and metal-binding antioxidant mechanisms. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2009;55(1):1-23.
Balliett M, Burke JR. Changes in anthropometric measurements, body composition, blood pressure, lipid profile, and testosterone in patients participating in a low-energy dietary intervention. J Chiropr Med. 2013;12(1):3-14.
Anton SD, Cruz-Almeida Y, Singh A. Innovations in Geroscience to enhance mobility in older adults. Exp Gerontol. 2020;142:111123.
