Clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors in a rural adult population in Nigeria

Authors

  • Chizindu Akubudike Alikor Department of Medicine, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
  • Pedro Emem-Chioma Department of Medicine, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20180593

Keywords:

Clustering, Cardiovascular disease, Risk factors

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for one third of global deaths and is the leading contributor to global disease burden. A non-communicable disease survey done in Nigeria helped determine the prevalence of major CVD risk factors in the country and showed a rising trend in the prevalence. This study aims to determine the proportion of adults in a rural farming community in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria with clustering of the following CVD risk factors: hypertension, diabetes, obesity, dyslipidaemia, hyperuricaemia, ECG-LVH, smoking, heavy alcohol consumption and physical inactivity.

Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional survey carried out in a rural farming community in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Stratified sampling method was used to recruit study subjects aged 18 years and above and a total of 500 subjects completed the survey. Socio-demographic information, anthropometric, blood pressure and ECG measurements were obtained. Venous samples were collected and analyzed.

Results: Five hundred subjects participated. There were 156 males and 344 females with male to female ratio of 1:2.3. The overall mean age was 41.32±17.0 with range of 18 years to 95 years. The mean age for males was 42.84±17.8 and females 40.62±16.6. Overall, 38.2%, of subjects had 2 or more risk factors. Additionally, 42.1% of males and 31.4% of females had ≥2 of these risk factors. Multivariate logistic regression showed higher clustering of risk factors with increasing age, male gender, Government staff and higher educational attainment.

Conclusions: Clustering of CVD risk factors is high in this rural community of Nigeria and requires integrated approach to its prevention, detection and treatment.

References

WHO. World Health Report 2002: reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Geneva. Available at www.who.int/whr/2002/.

WHO. Preventing Chronic Diseases 2005: a vital investment. Geneva. Available at www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/contents/en/.

World Bank. World Development Report 1993. Investing in Health. Oxford University Press for the World Bank, 1993; New York. Available at https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/5976.

Osuntokun BO. Stroke in Africans, Africa J Med Sci. 1997;6:39-55.

Sani MU, Adamu B, Mijinyawa MS, Abdu A, Karaye KM, Maiyaki MB, et al. Ischaemic heart disease in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria: a 5-year review. Niger J Med. 2006;15(2):128-31.

Akinkugbe OO, Akinyanju OO. Non-communicable diseases in Nigeria-final report of a national survey. Lagos: Federal Ministry of Health-National Expert Committee on Non-Communicable Diseases. 1997:1-2.

Jackson, R, Lawes, CM, Bennett, DA. Treatment with drugs to lower blood pressure and blood cholesterol based on an individual's absolute cardiovascular risk. Lancet. 2005;365:434.

Yusuf S, Reddy S, Stephanie O, Sonia A. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Part I: General Considerations, The Epidemiologic Transition, Risk Factors, and the Impact of Urbanization. Circulation. 2001;104:2746-22753.

Cushman WC, Cooper KM, Horne RA, Meydrech EF. Effect of back support and stethoscope head on seated blood pressure determinations. Am J Hypertens. 1990;3:240-1.

Perloff D, Grim C, Flack J, Frohlich ED, Hill M, McDonald M, et al. Human blood pressure determination by sphygmomanometry. Circulation. 1993;88:2460-70.

"Limb Leads - ECG Lead Placement - Normal Function of the Heart - Cardiology Teaching Package Practice Learning - Division of Nursing - The University of Nottingham". http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/nursing/practice/resources/cardiology/function/limb_leads.php. Accessed at 15 Aug 2009.

Lesson 1: The Standard 12 Lead ECG, 2009. Available at http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/ ecg_outline/Lesson1/index.html#orientation. Accessed at 15 Aug 2009.

Tietz NW. Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests, Second Edition W.B Saunders Company, Philadelphia, USA;1990:554-6.

Trinder P. Determination of blood glucose using 4-aminophenazone as oxygen acceptor. J Clin Path. 1969;22:246.

Obembe A, Sijuwola AO, Ayuba LN. Excessive alcohol consumption, risk of death and liver disease. A 5-year hospital review at Jos, Medical Practitioner. 1993(26); 61-4.

Eknoyan G. Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874)-the average man and indices of obesity. 2008;23(1):47-51.

Joint National Committee on Detection. Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-The seventh report of the Joint National Committee. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:154-83.

Nakagawa T, Tuttle KR, Short RA, Johnson RJ. Fructose-induced hyperuricemia as a casual mechanism for the epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2005;1:80-86.

Sokolow M, Lyon TP. The ventricular complex in left ventricular hypertrophy as obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads. Am Heart. 1949;37:161-86.

Araoye MA. Left Ventricular hypertrophy by electrocardiography; A code system applicable to Negroes. Niger Postgrad Med J. 1996;3:92-7.

Puepet FH, Uloko A, Akogu IY, Aniekwensi E. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among patients with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus in urban North-Central Nigeria. Afr J Endocrinol Meta. 2009;8:10-12.

Ogbera AO. Prevalence and gender distribution of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetology Metabolic Syndrome. 2010;2(1):1.

Balaji R, Logaraj M, John KR. A study on clustering of cardiovascular risk factors among a rural adult population in Tamil Nadu. J Cardiovasc Dis Res. 2015;6:85-90.

Osuji CU, Omejua EG. Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome among newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. Ind J Endocrinology Meta. 2012;16(Suppl1):S104.

Gyakobo M, Amoah AG, Martey-Marbell DA, Snow RC. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a rural population in Ghana. BMC endocrine disorders. 2012;12(1):25.

Gu D, Gupta A, Muntner P, Hu S, Duan X, Chen J, et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factor clustering among the adult population of China: results from the International Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia (InterAsia). Circulation. 2005;112(5):658-65.

Alegria E, Cordero A, Laclaustra M, Grima A, Leon M, Casasnovas JA et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the Spanish working population: MESYAS registry. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2005;58(7):797-806.

Ajayi EA, Ajayi OA, Adeoti OA. Metabolic syndrome: prevalence and association with electrocardiographic abnormalities in Nigerian hypertensive patients. Metabolic syndrome and related disorders. 2014;12(8):437-42.

Ezenwaka EC, AkanjiAO , Akanji BO, Unwin NC, Adejuwon CA. The prevalence of insulin resistance and other cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy elderly southwestern nigerians Atherosclerosis. 1997;128(2):201-11.

Okesina AB, Oparinde DP, Akindoyin KA, Erasmus RT. Prevalence of some risk factors of coronary heart disease in a rural Nigerian population. East Afr Med J. 1999;76:212-6.

Downloads

Published

2018-02-22

How to Cite

Akubudike Alikor, C., & Emem-Chioma, P. (2018). Clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors in a rural adult population in Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 6(3), 765–771. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20180593

Issue

Section

Original Research Articles